Transport
15% of 37 billion tonnes per year
Decarbonisation Pathway| 6 Sectorsmore details
| Sector | Emissions today | Decarbonisation pathway |
|---|---|---|
| Passenger vehicles | Very high — the largest single transport source; encompasses passenger cars and two and three-wheelers, the latter representing an enormous fleet in Asia and the Global South; almost entirely internal combustion engine today | Fastest mover overall — EV adoption in passenger cars accelerating with cost parity reached or approaching in most markets; two and three-wheelers are an even faster mover where electrification economics are already compelling and leapfrog opportunities exist in markets without established ICE infrastructure |
| Light commercial | High — vans and small trucks; similar drivetrain to passenger cars but higher utilisation and fleet procurement cycles create a slight lag | Following passenger vehicles — electrification technically mature; total cost of ownership already favourable in many fleet applications |
| Trucking | High overall — short-haul urban and regional distribution is moderate; long-haul is the hardest road transport problem, with energy density requirements that strain battery economics at current technology | Split pathway — short-haul is transitioning now, with battery electric viable for defined routes and depot charging and growing commercial deployments; long-haul remains contested between battery and hydrogen fuel cell, with infrastructure the binding constraint either way and the 2030s the realistic transition decade |
| Aviation | Moderate to high — short-haul domestic routes are a meaningful but manageable source; long-haul intercontinental flights are very high intensity and energy density physics make battery solutions impossible at current technology | Split pathway — short-haul routes (under ~500km) are viable candidates for electric and hybrid aircraft by late 2020s, with SAF blending the near-term lever; long-haul is the hardest problem in transport, with SAF the only credible near-term pathway, green hydrogen and ammonia as long-run options, and full decarbonisation likely post-2040 |
| Shipping | Moderate to very high — short-sea coastal and ferry routes are a manageable source; deep-sea bulk carriers, container ships and tankers are very high intensity, with long voyages requiring enormous energy density that no current clean technology can match at scale | Split pathway — short-sea is transitioning now, with battery and hydrogen fuel cell both viable and several commercial deployments already operating; deep-sea is hard and slow, with ammonia and methanol emerging as the leading fuel candidates, newbuild decisions made today locking in emissions for 30 years, and the capital cycle the key constraint |
| Off-road & agricultural | Moderate — construction equipment, farm machinery, mining vehicles | Active transition — electric and hydrogen deployments growing; total cost of ownership case building; longer replacement cycles slow the pace |
Aviation
Howmet Aerospace
FeaturedUSA
Howmet Aerospace is a manufacturer of advanced engineered solutions for aerospace and transport.
Howmet operates across four segments: Engine Products (airfoils and seamless rolled rings for aircraft engines and industrial gas turbines), Fastening Systems (aerospace fasteners, latches, bearings), Engineered Structures (titanium forgings and aluminium structures for airframes and landing gear), and Forged Wheels (aluminium wheels for heavy trucks).
The Engine Products segment is the strategic core: Howmet is one of only four or five companies globally capable of producing single-crystal turbine blades to aerospace specification, and together with PCC holds an estimated ~80% of that market.
The casting process — growing a turbine blade from a single crystal of nickel superalloy — prevents grain-boundary cracking under extreme heat and stress, and requires proprietary foundry technology with over 1,170 patents.
The commercial aerospace backlog (driven by record airline order books at Boeing and Airbus) extends through the decade. Data centre growth is an additional demand driver via industrial gas turbine and aeroderivative engine demand.
Publicly Traded: NYSE: HWM - Institutional investors (Vanguard, BlackRock) hold ~94% of shares.
MAKO
FeaturedAustralia
MAKO's technology is a nanoimprint lithography process that embosses sharkskin-inspired riblet microstructures onto films and coatings at commercial speed. These micro-textures reduce turbulent drag across surfaces in contact with fluids — cutting fuel consumption on aircraft, ships, and wind turbine blades. The same patterning platform produces anti-fouling surfaces (preventing biofouling on ship hulls without toxic copper-based biocides), anti-bacterial coatings, and hydrophobic effects. In aviation alone, a 1–2% drag reduction translates to billions of dollars in fuel savings across a global fleet.
MAKO is an Australian company that has secured partnerships with major aerospace and maritime players, and is commercialising across multiple verticals simultaneously. The technology platform is particularly compelling because the same manufacturing process serves diverse high-value markets.
Founders
Jet Zero
Australia
Australian SAF developer converting agricultural waste into sustainable aviation fuel and renewable diesel — with a proposed 110-million-litre Townsville facility backed by ARENA, Qantas, Airbus and the Queensland Government.
Magnix
USA
Redmond-based electric aviation company whose high-power-density motors powered the world's first commercial-scale all-electric flight — targeting the 30% of commercial routes under 1,000 km that are within reach of current battery technology.
Neste
Finland
Neste is the world’s leading producer of sustainable aviation fuel (SAF), with 1.5 million tonnes per year of HEFA SAF capacity from its refineries in Finland, Singapore, and the Netherlands — scaling to 2.2 million tonnes by 2027.
Publicly Traded: Nasdaq Helsinki. Code: NESTE
Stralis
Australia
Stralis Aircraft is an Australian startup developing hydrogen-electric propulsion systems for regional aircraft — using lightweight HT-PEM fuel cells to achieve range and cost economics that neither battery nor SAF alternatives can match, backed by YC with $328M in LOIs.
Twelve
USA
Twelve converts CO₂ directly into sustainable aviation fuel using electrolysis powered by renewable electricity — making genuinely carbon-neutral jet fuel without biomass feedstocks.
Wright
USA
Wright Electric develops high-power electric motors and powertrains for commercial aviation, targeting hybrid-electric configurations that could cut fuel burn by 50% on short to medium-haul flights.
Passenger Vehicles
Canyon Solar
FeaturedAustralia
Car parks are among the largest areas of underutilised space in the built environment. Canyon Solar is turning them into distributed power assets by fundamentally rethinking how solar structures are built and deployed.
By pre-fabricating 80% of the installation work into proprietary "Solar Pods" before they arrive on site, Canyon Solar cuts installation time dramatically — directly addressing one of the most persistent barriers to commercial solar adoption: disruption and cost.
Each structure integrates bifacial solar panels for higher yield, weatherproof construction, and AC and DC EV charging infrastructure — meaning a single installation delivers generation capacity, weather protection and EV charging in one system.
For commercial property owners and retailers, the result combines a net zero pathway with an enhanced customer experience, turning the car park from a cost centre into a revenue and sustainability asset.
Founders
JetCharge
FeaturedAustralia
JetCharge is Australia's largest dedicated EV charging company, providing hardware, software, and managed services to commercial fleets, property developers, strata buildings, and workplaces. Their position at the intersection of EV hardware and grid software is strategically important: as EV penetration grows, charging infrastructure becomes a major flexible load that can either destabilise or actively support the grid. JetCharge's software stack enables operators to manage charging schedules, respond to grid price signals, participate in demand response programs, and eventually export energy back to the grid through V2G. The company has deployed thousands of charging points across Australia and has deep relationships with fleet operators — the commercial segment where managed charging economics are most compelling.
Founders
Investors
Zypp Electric
FeaturedIndia
Zypp Electric operates a fleet of electric two-wheelers and three-wheelers for last-mile delivery logistics in Indian cities, providing vehicles to delivery gig workers on a subscription or rental basis. India's last-mile delivery sector is enormous and growing rapidly, and is dominated by petrol-powered two-wheelers that are cheap to purchase but expensive to fuel and maintain. Zypp's model electrifies this fleet without requiring individual drivers to make capital investments, while also providing the charging infrastructure, maintenance, and fleet management software needed to operate reliably at scale including major e-commerce and quick-commerce players as their delivery infrastructure provider.
Electreon
Israel
Electreon embeds wireless charging coils in road surfaces to charge EVs while driving — enabling extended range and smaller batteries for electric buses and trucks on equipped routes.
Publicly Traded: Tel Aviv Stock Exchange. Code: ELTA
Everty
Australia
Everty provides EV charging management software for fleet operators and charge point networks — enabling smart scheduling, billing, and grid-aware charging at scale.
Australia
EVX mounts compact EV chargers directly onto existing street lighting poles — providing affordable, low-disruption kerbside charging for residents without off-street parking.
Gaussion
UK
Gaussion develops battery management algorithms that enable EV charging in under ten minutes by dynamically optimising charge rates to the limit of what each cell can safely absorb.
HEVO
USA
HEVO provides wireless in-ground EV charging systems for commercial and transit fleets — enabling automatic top-up charging whenever vehicles park, without driver intervention or cable management.
InFiMotion
China
Wuxi-based EV drivetrain manufacturer delivering high-integration Electric Drive Units to Geely, Polestar, Lotus and JLR — producing 150,000+ motors in the first half of 2025 and capturing 8% of China's EV motor market in under four years.
Ionity
Germany
Europe's leading ultra-fast EV charging network — a joint venture of BMW, Ford, Hyundai, Mercedes, Volkswagen and BlackRock operating 5,000+ 350kW charging points across 24 countries, with a €600M expansion to 13,000 points by 2030 underway.
Australia
Kite Magnetics makes Aeroperm — a nanocrystalline magnetic material that reduces stator core losses in electric motors by up to 97% compared to conventional steels, enabling lighter, more efficient motors for EVs, electric aircraft, and industrial applications.
Nyobolt
UK
Nyobolt makes niobium tungsten oxide anode batteries that charge 0-80% in under 5 minutes with 4,000+ cycle life — solving the speed-vs-longevity trade-off that makes fast charging degrade conventional lithium-ion batteries.
Ola Electric
India
Ola Electric is an Indian EV company with an ambitious goal of transforming the entire two-wheeler market in India by offering affordable and high-performance electric scooters.
Publicly Traded: NSE India. Code: OLAELEC
Quantumscape
USA
QuantumScape is developing solid-state lithium-metal batteries that promise 80% more range and 15-minute fast charging compared to conventional lithium-ion cells — with Volkswagen as a key strategic backer.
Publicly Traded: NYSE. Code: QS
Relectrify
Australia
Relectrify's cell-level battery management technology extends the life of battery packs by managing each cell independently — unlocking better performance from new batteries and viable second-life from retired EV packs.
Sicona Battery
Australia
Sicona Battery Technologies is commercialising silicon-graphite composite anodes that increase lithium-ion battery energy density and EV range by more than 50% over conventional graphite anodes.
Solid Power Inc
USA
Solid Power develops solid-state EV batteries using proprietary sulfide electrolytes and silicon-rich anodes, targeting 50%+ energy density improvement over lithium-ion — with BMW and Ford as development partners and compatibility with standard lithium-ion manufacturing equipment.
Publicly Traded: Nasdaq. Code: SLDP
Splend
Australia
Splend provides all-inclusive vehicle subscriptions to ride-share drivers, lowering the barrier to accessing modern EVs and accelerating fleet electrification in the gig economy.
Tibber
Norway
Tibber is a Norwegian digital energy company offering dynamic electricity tariffs based on hourly spot prices — with smart charging integrations that automatically charge EVs when electricity is cheapest, passing wholesale savings directly to consumers.
Wallbox
Spain
Wallbox is a Spanish EV charging company making smart home and commercial chargers, with bidirectional V2G capability that turns EVs into mobile grid batteries.
Publicly Traded: NYSE. Code: WBX
Waymo
USA
Waymo is the world's leading commercial autonomous vehicle company, operating driverless robotaxi services in multiple US cities and developing autonomous trucking technology.
WeaveGrid
USA
WeaveGrid builds software that helps utilities intelligently manage EV charging across their networks — turning a potential grid liability into a flexible, dispatchable asset.
Witricity
USA
WitrCity has commercialised magnetic resonance wireless EV charging — enabling charge-by-parking with no cables or plugs, and holds the dominant IP portfolio in automotive wireless charging.
Zoxcell
UAE
Zoxcell is developing graphene supercapacitors for solar and off-grid energy storage — offering ultra-fast charge/discharge, exceptional cycle life, and wide temperature performance.
Shipping
PlasmaLeap
FeaturedAustralia
Conventional ammonia production via the Haber-Bosch process is one of the most energy-intensive and emissions-heavy industrial processes on earth, consuming around 1–2% of global energy and responsible for a significant portion of the fertiliser sector's N₂O footprint. The process is also inherently centralised — large plants, long supply chains, and significant transportation and storage risk.
PlasmaLeap has developed a zero-emissions ammonia synthesis process that consumes only air and water, powered by variable renewable electricity, with pilot units on track to demonstrate world-leading energy efficiency rates competitive with traditional ammonia production.
The modular units generate cost-competitive green nitrogen fertiliser on-demand and on-farm. It is decentralised and safe — deployable on-farm or on-site for industrial settings, avoiding transportation risks and eliminating the risk of large-scale combustion or explosion associated with conventional ammonia handling.
Founders
Investors
Investible, Gates Foundation
Bearing AI
USA
Bearing AI uses machine learning to optimise ship routing and operations in real time — reducing fuel consumption and emissions for commercial shipping fleets.
Fleet Zero
USA
Fleet Zero is designing battery-electric container ships and co-located port charging infrastructure for short-sea and coastal routes — targeting the segment of shipping that can be electrified today.
HullBot
Australia
HullBot makes autonomous underwater robots that continuously clean biofouling from ship hulls while in port — reducing fuel consumption by 10–20% and eliminating the need for drydocking or toxic antifouling chemicals.
Trucking
Janus Electric
FeaturedAustralia
The heavy trucking industry faces a fundamental electrification problem: new electric prime movers are expensive, in short supply, and require operators to retire assets that may have years of economic life remaining. Janus Electric sidesteps this entirely — replacing the diesel engine with a high-performance electric drivetrain and swappable battery system, converting what already exists rather than starting from scratch.
The swappable battery is central to the proposition. Heavy transport operators cannot afford extended downtime, and the charging times that work for passenger vehicles are incompatible with commercial fleet economics. Battery swaps take minutes rather than hours, keeping trucks earning. Fleet management software gives operators real-time visibility over performance, utilisation and uptime — making the transition to electric operationally seamless rather than disruptive.
Founders
Kodiak
USA
Autonomous trucking company whose Kodiak Driver system enables SAE Level 4 self-driving on US highway freight corridors — with commercial partnerships with major carriers and a pioneering US Department of Defense logistics contract.
New Energy Transport
Australia
New Energy Transport helps Australian heavy freight fleet operators transition to zero-emissions vehicles, acting as an integrator across vehicle procurement, charging infrastructure, route analysis, and transition management.
New Volt
Australia
NewVolt is building Australia’s national shared fast-charging network for electric trucks — purpose-built hubs at freight precincts powered by renewable energy, backed by $25.3M from ARENA, enabling the freight industry to transition off imported diesel.
NewVolt
Australia
NewVolt is building fast-charging infrastructure hubs for electric heavy trucks at strategic freight corridor locations across Australia, providing the depot-scale megawatt charging that commercial fleet electrification requires.
Remorea
USA
Remora retrofits semi-trucks and locomotives with a carbon capture device that captures up to 90% of tailpipe CO₂, stores it onboard, and generates revenue for fleet operators by selling the purified gas to industrial buyers.
WattEV
USA
WattEV provides electric trucking as a service — operating its own fleet of Class 8 electric trucks with dedicated charging depots, primarily targeting drayage routes at major US freight ports.
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